Past tense: A Verb that refers to past time is said to be in the Past Tense
I loved. (Simple Past)
I was loving. (Past Continuous)
1 had loved. (Past Perfect)
I had been loving. (Past Perfect Continuous)
Present tense: A Verb that refers to present time is said to be in the Present Tense
I love. (Simple Present)
I am loving. (Present Continuous)
I have loved. (Present Perfect)
I have been loving. (Present Perfect Continuous)
Future tense: A Verb that refers to future time is said to be in the Future Tense
I shall/will love. (Simple Future)
I shall/will be loving. (Future Continuous)
I shall/will have loved. (Future Perfect)
I shall/will have been loving. (Future Perfect Continuous)
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The river flows under the bridge. | Simple present |
| I shall answer the letter to-night. | simple future |
| I knew he was there, for I had seen him come. | simple past, had seen - past perfect |
| It has been raining all night. | has been raining - Present Perfect Continuous |
| I hear he has passed all right. | hear - simple present, has passed - present perfect |
| I had finished when he came. | had finished - past perfect, came - simple past |
| He takes but little pride in his work. | takes - simple present |
| I have been living here for months. | have been living - present perfect continuous |
| Be good, sweet maid. | be - simple present |
| By this time to-morrow I shall have reached my home. | shall have reached - future perfect |
| It is time we left. | is - simple present, left - simple past |
| He told me that he had finished | told - simple past, had finished - past perfect |
| God forgive you ! | forgive - simple present |
| He is waiting for you in the compound. | is waiting - present continuous |
| Piper, pipe that song again. | pipe - simple present |
| I am hoping to get a holiday soon. | am hoping - present continuous |
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The earth --- round the sun. (move, moves, moved) | moves |
| My friends --- the Prime Minister yesterday, (see, have seen, saw) | saw |
| I --- him only one letter up to now. (sent, have sent, send) | have sent |
| She --- worried about something, (looks, looking, is looking) | looks / is looking |
| It started to rain while we --- tennis, (are playing, were playing, had played). | were playing |
| He --- fast when the accident happened, (is driving, was driving, drove) | was driving |
| He --- asleep while he was driving, (falls, fell, has fallen) | fell |
| I'm sure I --- him at the party last night, (saw, have seen, had seen). | saw |
| He --- a mill in this town, (have, has, is having) | has |
| He --- here for the last five years, (worked, is working, has been working). | has been working |
| He thanked me for what I ---. (have done, had done, have been doing) | had done |
| I --- a strange noise, (hear, am hearing, have been hearing) | hear |
| I --- him for a long time, (know, have known, am knowing) ' | have known |
| We ---,English for five years, (study, am studying, have been studying) | have been studying |
| Don't disturb me. I --- my homework, (do, did, am doing) | am doing |
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The Headmaster --- to speak to you. (wants, is wanting, was wanting) | wants |
| I --- a new bicycle last week, (bought, have bought, had bought) | bought |
| Here are your shoes ; I --- them, (just clean, just cleaned, have just cleaned) | have just cleaned |
| It --- since early morning, (rained, is raining, has been raining) | has been raining |
| I --- a lot of work today, (did, have done, had done) | have done / did |
| I --- something burning, (smell, am smelling, have been smelling) | smell |
| Look ! The sun --- over the hills, (rises, is rise, is rising) | is rising |
| She --- unconscious since four o'clock, (is, was, has been) | has been |
| He used to visit us every week, but he --- now. (rarely comes, is rarely coming, has rarely come) | rarely comes |
| We --- for his call since 4.20. (are waiting, have been waiting, were waiting) | have been waiting |
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The plane --- at 3.30. (arrives, will arrive) | ARRIVES |
| I will phone you when he --- back, (comes, will come) | COMES |
| When I get home, my dog --- at the gate waiting for me. (sits, will be sitting) | will be sitting |
| I --- the Joshis this evening, (visit, am visiting) | am visiting |
| Look at those black clouds. It ---, (will rain, is going to rain) | is going to rain |
| The train --- before we reach the station, (arrives, will have arrived) | will have arrived |
| Perhaps we --- Mahabaleshwar next month, (visit, will visit) | will visit |
| Unless we --- now we can't be on time, (start, will start) | start |
| I --- into town later on. Do you want a lift? (drive, will be driving) | will be driving |
| The next term --- on 16th November, (begins, is beginning) | begins |
| Oh dear! I --- (will sneeze, am going to sneeze) | am going to sneeze |
| By 2005, computers --- many of the jobs that people do today, (will be taking over, will have taken over) | will have taken over |
| I'm sure she --- the exam, (passes, will pass) | will pass |
| I --- home next Sunday, (go, am going) | am going |
| I --- you one of these days, I expect, (see, will be seeing) | will be seeing |
To sneeze, to smash, to cry, to shriek, to jump, to dunk, to read, to eat, to slurp—all of these are infinitives. An infinitive will almost always begin with to followed by the simple form of the verb, like this:
To + Verb = Infinitive
Because an infinitive is not a verb, you cannot add s, es, ed, or ing to the end.
Infinitives can be used as nouns, adjectives, or adverbs.
Noun: To sleep functions as a noun because it is the subject of the sentence.
To sleep is the only thing Eli wants after his double shift waiting tables at the neighborhood café.
Adjective: To read functions as an adjective because it modifies book.
Wherever Melissa goes, she always brings a book to read in case conversation lags or she has a long wait.
Adverb: To throw functions as an adverb because it explains why Richard braved the inclement weather.
Richard braved the icy rain to throw the smelly squid eyeball stew into the apartment dumpster.
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| He did not have even a rupee with him. He could not buy a loaf of bread. | He did not have even a rupee with him to buy a loaf of bread. |
| Every cricket team has a captain. He directs the other players. | Every cricket team has a captain to direct the other players. |
| You must part with your purse. On this condition only you can save your life. | You must part with your purse to save your life. |
| He went to Amritsar. He wanted to visit the Golden Temple. | He went to Amritsar to visit the Golden Temple. |
| The robber took out a knife. He intended to frighten the old man. | The robber took out a knife to frighten the old man. |
| I speak the truth. I am not afraid of it. | I am not afraid to speak the truth. |
| The insolvent's property was sold by the official Assignee. The insolvent's creditors had to be paid. | The insolvent's property was sold by the official Assignee to pay his creditors |
| He wants to earn his livelihood. He works hard for that reason. | He works hard to earn his livelihood. |
| The strikers held a meeting. They wished to discuss the terms of the employers. | The strikers held a meeting to discuss the terms of the employers. |
| He has five children. He must provide for them. | He has five children to provide for. |
| The old man has now little energy left. He cannot take his morning constitutional exercises. | The old man has now little energy left to take his morning constitutional exercises. |
| The Rajah allowed no cows to be slaughtered in his territory. It was his custom | It was the Rajah's custom to allow no cows to be slaughtered in his territory. |
| He formed a resolution. It was to the effect that he would not speculate any more | He formed a resolution not to speculate any more |
| Everyone should do his duty. India expects this of every man. | India expects every man to do his duty. |
| She visits the poor. She is anxious to relieve them of their sufferings. | She visits the poor to relieve them of their sufferings. |
Participles come in two varieties: past and present. They are two of the five forms or principal parts that every verb has
Each present participle ends in 'ing' always.
The perfect participle is a compound verb form consisting of an auxiliary (in the -ing form) and a verb. For example: Having studied for the exam, Mike went to play football
| Verb | Past Participle | Present Participle |
|---|---|---|
| giggle | giggled | giggling |
| jump | jumped | jumping |
| swim | swum | swimming |
A verb can have as many as four parts. When you form multipart verbs, you use a combination of auxiliary verbs and participles.
With a broom, Mrs. Olsen was beating our alligator over the head in an attempt to retrieve her poodle.
Was = auxiliary verb; beating = present participle.
Past and present participles often function as adjectives that describe nouns
The crying baby drew a long breath and sucked in a spider crouching in the corner of the crib.
crying, crouching - present participles
Present participles can function as nouns Whenever a present participle functions as a noun, you call it a gerund.
Sneezing exhausts Steve, who requires eight tissues and twenty-seven Gesundheits before he is done.
Sneezing = Present participle
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Generally speaking, we receive what we deserve. | speaking - present participle |
| Having gained truth, keep truth. | Having gained - perfect participle |
| I saw the storm approaching. | approaching - present participle |
| Hearing a noise, I turned round. | Hearing - present participle |
| Considering the facts, he received scant justice. | considering - present participle |
| The enemy, beaten at every point, fled from the field. | beaten - past participle |
| Being dissatisfied, he resigned his position. | Being dissatisfied - present participle |
| The rain came pouring down in torrents. | pouring - present participle |
| Having elected him President, the people gave him their loyal support. | Having elected - perfect participle |
| The traveller, being weary, sat by the wood side to rest. | being - present participle |
| The fat of the body is fuel laid away for use. | laid - past participle |
| Being occupied with important matters, he had no leisure to see us. | Being occupied - present participle |
| The children coming home from school look in at the open door. | coming - present participle |
| Michael, bereft of his son Luke, died of a broken heart. | bereft - past participle |
| Books read in childhood seem like old friends. | read - past participle |