Regular verbs form their past tense and past participle by adding 'ed'.
Walk -- walked -- walked
Irregular verbs form their past tense and past participle in a different way from adding ed.
Verbs in which all three forms are the same: cut - cut - cut
Verbs in which two of the three forms are the same: sit - sat - sat
Verbs in which all three forms are different: ring - rang - rung
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Rama writes to his mother every week. | write - wrote |
| The wind blows furiously | blows - blew |
| The boy stands on the burning deck. | stands - stood |
| The door flies open. | flies - flew |
| She sings sweetly. | sings - sang |
| The old woman sits in the sun. | sits - sat |
| Abdul swims very well indeed | swims - swam |
| His voice shakes with emotion. | shakes - shook |
| He drives a roaring trade. | drives - drove |
| He bears a grudge against his old uncle. | bears - bore |
| He spends his time in idleness | spends - spent |
| He feels sorry for his faults. | feels - felt |
| A portrait of Mahatma Gandhi hangs on the wall | hangs - hung |
| The kite flies gaily into the air. | flies - flew |
| He wears away his youth in trifles. | wears - wore |
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| It is years since I --- him. He has --- his best days. (See) | It is years since I saw him. He has seen his best days. |
| Of late the custom has --- into disuse. The lot --- upon him. (Fall) | Of late the custom has fallen into disuse. The lot fell upon him. |
| The toast was --- with great enthusiasm. (Drink) | The toast was drunk with great enthusiasm. |
| He --- freely when he had drunk alcohol. Marathi is --- in Maharashtra. (Speak) | He spoke freely when he had drunk alcohol. Marathi is spoken in Maharashtra |
| My patience --- out at last. The inscription has --- away in several places. (Wear) | My patience wore out at last. The inscription has worn away in several places. |
| In a fit of rage she --- up the letter. The country is --- by factions.(Tear) | In a fit of rage she tore up the letter. The country is torn by factions. |
| He has been --- by a scorpion. The remark --- him (Sting) | He has been stung by a scorpion. The remark stung him |
| You look as if you had --- all the way home. He --- for his life. (Run) | You look as if you had run all the way home. He ran for his life. |
| Once Sydney Smith, being asked his name by the servant, found to his dismay that he had --- his own name (Forget) | Once Sydney Smith, being asked his name by the servant, found to his dismay that he had forgotten his own name |
| A better day for a drive could not have been ---. (Choose) | A better day for a drive could not have been chosen. |
| Computer technology has --- a long way since the 1970s. (Come) | Computer technology has come a long way since the 1970s. |
| The old beggar was --- by a mad dog. A mad dog --- him. (Bite) | The old beggar was bitten by a mad dog. A mad dog bit him. |
| The boy has --- across the Indus. (Swim) | The boy has swum across the Indus |
| I think he should have --- and told us. Honesty is --- on his face. (Write) | I think he should have written and told us. Honesty is written on his face. |
| He -- the book on the table. He had not --- a finger on him. They --- their heads together. (Lay) | He laid the book on the table. He had not laid a finger on him. They laid their heads together. |
Auxiliary verb: Auxiliary verbs are so called because they help to form the various tenses, moods, and voices of other verbs. The principal ones are be, do, and have.
Modal verbs: These combine with other verbs to express necessity, possibility, intention, or ability. The modal auxiliary verbs are must, shall, will, should, would, ought (to), can, could, may, and might.
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| I don't think I (shall, should, can) be able to go | shall |
| He (shall, will, dare) not pay unless he is compelled. | will |
| You (should, would, ought) be punctual. | should |
| I wish you (should, would, must) tell me earlier. | would |
| (Shall, Will, Would) I assist you? | shall |
| (Shall, should would) you please help me with this? | would |
| You (ought, should, must) to pay your debts. | ought |
| He said you (can, might, should) use his telephone at any time. | might |
| If you (shall, should, would) see him, give him my regards. | should |
| He (need, dare, would) not ask for a rise, for fear of losing his job. | dare |
| I (needn't to see, needn't have seen, didn't need to see) him, so I sent a letter. | didnt need to see |
| (Shall, Might, Could) you show me the way to the station? | could |
| To save my life, I ran fast, and (would, could, was able to) reach safely. | was able to |
| I (would, used, ought) to be an atheist but now I believe in God. | used |
| You (needn't, mustn't, won't) light a match; the room is full of gas. | mustnt |
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Possibly she isn't Anil's sister. | She may not be Anil's sister |
| Perhaps we will go to Shimla next month. | We may go to shimla next month |
| My sister was able to read the alphabet when she was 18 months old. | My sister could read the alphabet when she was 18 months old. |
| It is necessary that you do not wash the car. (The paint is still wet.) | You must not wash the car |
| It is not necessary for you to wash the car. (It is clean.) | You need not wash the car |
| I am certain that they have left already. | They must have left already |
| Do you allow me to use your phone? | May I use your phone. |
A word that modifies the meaning of a verb, an adjective, or another Adverb is called an Adverb.
Rama runs quickly. [ quickly shows how (or in what manner) Rama runs; that is, quickly modifies the Verb runs. ]
This is a very sweet mango. [very shows how much (or in what degree) the mango is sweet; that is, very modifies the Adjective sweet.]
Govind reads quite clearly. [ quite shows how far (or to what extent) Govind reads clearly; that is, quite modifies the Adverb clearly. ]
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| We rose very early. | very early |
| He was ill pleased. | ill |
| Try again. | again |
| He is too shy | too |
| I am so glad to hear it. | so |
| Question | Adjective | Adverb |
|---|---|---|
| Very | This is the very book I want | This book is very interesting |
| near | The church is quite near | The summer holidays are drawing near |
| ill | He is in ill temper | He speaks ill of his neighbour |
| only | I was the only person wearing a coat | I saw him only 10 minutes ago |
| clean | Keep the room clean | I clean forgot about it |
| Positive | Comparitive | Superlative |
|---|---|---|
| Suddenly | more suddenly | most suddenly |
| often | more often | most often |
| near | nearer | nearest |
| loud | louder | loudest |
| hard | harder | hardest |
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| He invited me to visit him (often). | He often invited me to visit him. |
| I am determined to yield this point (never) | I am determined never to yield this point. |
| I know the answer (already). | I already know the answer. |
| We have seen her in the square(just) | We have just seen her in the square. |
| I have to reach the office by 9:30 (usually). | I usually have to reach the office by 9:30. |
| Will he be there (still)? | Will he still be there? |
A Preposition is a word placed before a noun or a pronoun to show in what relation the person or thing denoted by it stands in regard to something else. Example: in, of, off
There is a cow in the field. [ The word in shows the relation between two things - cow and field. ]
He is fond of tea. [ The word of shows the relation between the attribute expressed by the adjective fond and tea. ]
The cat jumped of the chair. [ The word off shows the relation between the action expressed by the verb jumped and the chair. ]
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Little Jack Horner sat in a corner. | in |
| Old Mother Hubbard, she went to the cupboard. | to |
| The lion and the unicorn fought for the crown. | for |
| Humpty Dumpty sat on a wall. | on |
| Wee Willie Winkie runs through the town. | through |
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Come down. | down - adverb |
| We sailed down the river. | down - preposition |
| The man walked round the house | round - preposition |
| He sat on a stool. | on - preposition |
| The carriage moved on. | on - adverb |
| Word | Preposition | Adverb |
|---|---|---|
| Behind | There is a garden behind the house | The dog was running behind |
| up | It is difficult to climb up the hill | Lift your head up |
| by | He arrived by air | He hurried by without a word |
| along | He walked along the road | We were asked to move along |
| in | There was nobody in the room | Come in , Please |
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The dog ran --- the road. | along |
| The river flows --- the bridge. | under |
| The work was done --- haste. | in |
| He is afraid --- the dog. | of |
| I am fond --- music. | of |
| He goes --- Sunday --- church. | on, to |
| He died --- his country. | for |
| The steam-engine was invented --- James Watt. | by |
| The burglar jumped --- the compound wall. | over |
| The village was destroyed --- fire. | by |
| He lives --- Hyderabad. He lives --- 48 Tilak Street. | in, at |
| He started --- six --- the morning. | at, in |
| He hanged himself --- a piece of cloth | with |
| The portrait was painted --- a famous artist who flourished --- the Sixteenth century. | by, in |
| I must start --- dawn to reach the station in time. | at |
| I hope to reach the station --- an hour at the outside. | in |
| The child has been missing --- yesterday. | since |
| The caravan must reach its destination --- sunset | by / before |
| The mail train is due --- 3 P.M | at |
| He travelled thirty kilometers --- two hours. | in |